Biology

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Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) Profile in Nablus District, Palestine
(2000) Kamal A. Dumaidi; Dr. Suleiman Al-Khalil; Dr. Riad Amin; Dr. Sami Yaish
The profile of non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)in Nablus district was investigated. NIDDM patients n=323 were selected from three diabetic clinics. Although the study included 49 non- diabetic people. but it’s not considered as control case study. Both NIDDM and non- diabetic populations were obese as reflected by body mass index > 30 kg/m². Total cholesterol and triglycridesin NlDDM were higher than normal range, while HDL — cholesterol was significantly lower than normal. Women with NlDDlvl showed a higher BMI and HDL- cholesterol than diabetic men. Systolic blood pressure increased with increasing age. NIDDM people living in the refugee camp showed higher BMI and systolic blood pressure and lower levels of total cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol than NlDDM people living in the city or village. Non-diabetic people living in the refugee camp showed higher LDL— cholesterol and lower LDL—cholesterol levels than non-diabetic individuals living in the city. 81 % of NIDDM population have parental history of diabetes. This ratio decreased with increased aging to reach 62% at 60 years old group.
Interaction Between The Biocontrol Agents; Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Serratia Marcescens, and Beauveria Bassiana Isolated From Palestine
(2000) Omar Mosa Mohamad Dar-Issa; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Kamel Adwan; Dr. Naim Iraki
Biological control agents, such as nematodes, bacteria, and tungi have been successfully used as alternatives of chemical pesticides. Their use involves in some cases a combination of two or more agents. The combined agents may interact with one another during their application either outside or inside the target insect leading to either increased or decreased efficiency of the biological control process. The nature of such interactions and their effect on the efficacy of each biocontrol agent has not been given an adequate attention yet. In this work. we isolated, identified, and characterized a new isolate of entomopathogenic bacterium S. marcescens. We studied the effect of the new isolate and another entomopathogenic fungal isolate Beauveria bassiana on the invasion and recovery of the insect-pathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis, strain Bethlehem 11. Both of the fungal isolates and nematode strain were isolated at the UNESCO Biotechnology Center at Bethlehem University. The insect used in this study was last instar larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Experiments aiming at studying in-vitro interactions showed that the survival of the nematode Infective juveniles (IJs) stage is not affected by incubation in S. marcescens or B.bassiana cultures for 48 hours at continuous shaking. However, the survival of the Juvenile 4stage (J4) was substantially reduce by both pathogens. Infection of G. mellonella larvave for 24 hours with S. marcescens larvae or B.bassiana before nematode infection slightly decreased insect mortality, and dramatically reduced the invasion of ncinatode l.ls into the insect. That is; when the insect larvae were infected with nematode l.ls alone (control), the penetration reached 7.37% . However, when the Galleria larvae were preinfected with S.marcescens or B.bassiana for 24 hours the penetration was restricted to 1.16% and l.72% respectively. Similar effect of preinfecting the insect was obtained on the recovery of nematode infective Juveniles into adults. The recovery of IJs in larvae preinfected with either S. marcescens or B.bassiana was 0.61% and 1.2% respectively, compared to 7.0% recovery in the control. Also, the total production of nematodes was suppressed by preinfection for 24 hours with S. marcescens or B. bassiana. While preinfection with the first pathogen totally hindered nematode production, preinfection with the second pathogen restricted nematode production to 2.l x 10³ individuals/larvae, compared to 106x10³ individuals/larvae in control. Moreover, preinfecting larvae with the fungal pathogen tor periods of 48, 72, and 96 hours totally inhibited nematode production. These findings should be taken in consideration when we evaluate the efficacy and sustainability of EPNs biocontrol agent when applied simultaneously with S. marcescens or B. bassiana or in fields previously treated with these agents.
Isolation and RAPD-PCR Characterization of New Entomopathogenic Nematode Strains From Palestine
(2000) Michael Awad Michael Sansour; Dr. Kamel Adwan; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Naim Iraki
Isolation and RAPD-PCR Characterization of New Entomopathogenic Nematode Strains from Palestine Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are being applied as biocontrol agents against soil-borne pests. Since they exhibit host specificity, and because of the need for improving their infectivity and tolerance to environmental conditions it is necessary to enlarge the number of available species and strains. As the number of isolated species and strains increases, there will be a great need for convenient and reliable .methods of identification, genotyping and classification. Two EPN strains (Bethlehem I 1 and Bethlehem22) were isolated by trapping with larvae of Galleria mellonella from the fields of Bethlehem district, Palestine. The novel strains were identified as Heierorhabditis indica based on the successful crossings with another H. indica strain (LN2). There were 66% successful crosses between each of the Bethlehem strains and LN2 strain, while the percentage of successful crosses between Bethlehem strains was 83%. The Bethlehem strains were more heat tolerance when compared with H. hacieriophora from temperate climatic region. The survival of the 1.1s of the local strains was about 80%, while that of the H. bacteriophora strain approached Zero, when incubated at 40°C for 4 hours. The infectivity of the local strains was higher than that of the H. hacteriophora strain tested. The LD50 values after 26 hours exposure to G. VIII mellonella larvae were 25 for Bethlehem 11, 55 for Bethlehem22, and 160 IJs for H. bacteriophora. The novel strains are the first EPN strains that are isolated from Palestine. Studies on these strains are useful for the purpose to control local pests such as Maladera matrida. The two local strains were examined for their genetic relatedness to one another and to other EPN strains by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD). Results obtained by using seven primers showed that DNA banding patterns from Bethlehem strains are at 96.42% similarity, which indicate that they are different strains. Also, results showed that these strains are different from another H. indica strain, isolated from India, where an average similarity of 58.66% was observed. Moreover, the results revealed low similarity between the H. indica strains on one hand, and another strain belonging to the steinernema genus. This difference is expected since they belong to different genera. The RAPD-PCR technique cannot identify newly isolated strain at the species level. This is mainly because of the fact that this technique may show sometimes that the level of similarity between two species may be the same between two strains of the same species. On the other hand, this technique could be used to differentiate between two unknown strains.
A Microbiological Study On Poultry Feed With Special Emphasis On Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Flavus
(2000) Rana Radi Kamel Al-Barq; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh; Dr. Y. R. Faydi; Dr. J. Abu Omer
The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of altitude variation On blood biochemistry of soccer players. To achieve this aim, the study was conducted on a sample of 40 players belonging to three different teams in different geographical areas. These teams were; AL-Al ILI (Qalqelia) at sea level , Al Ithad (Nablus) above sea level, and Al - Hilal (Jerieo) below sea level . Measurements of Heamoglobin, Glucose, Total Iron Binding capacity, Cholesterol, Lactate dehydrogenase , Triglyceride ,Hematocrete and Insulin prior and post exercise were conducted. Result for the differences on the pre exercise blood biochemistry measures according to area variable show that computed (F) values on the pre exercise of (TIBC,alid Cholesterol) are respectively (0.47 and 1.54),such two values are lower than critical (F) value (3.26) this mean that there are no significant differences at(α =0.05)on these two variables due to the area variable. While computed (F) values for (Hb, glu. LDH, Trig. Insulin and Hematocrits)are respectively (6.66, 9.11,7.52, 3.68, 14.17, and 4.15 )all of these values are greater than critical (F) value (3.20),this means that there are significant differences at (α =0.05) on these variables due to the area variable.xii While the result for post exercise showed that computed (F) value for (Gin, TIBC, LDH, and Hematocrate)variables are respectively (1.22, 0.83, 0.97,and 2.19) all of these values are lower than critical (F) value (3.26),this means that there are no significant- differences at (α =0.05) on these variables due to the area variable.While computed (F) values for (I-lb,Cholesterol, Trig and Insulinare respectively ( 4.12, 6.004, 3.81, and 3.98) all of these values are greater than critical (F) value. This means that there are significant differences at (α =0.005) on these variables due to area variable.
Distribution, Occurrence and Characterization of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Agricultural Soil in The Palestinian Area
(2000) Abdel-Basit Basim Moh'd Mara'i; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh
The occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi was investigated in 100 irrigated vegetable fields and 40 citrus orchards soils in four geographical locations in the West Bank, using the Galleria bait method (GBM). Entomopathogenic fungi were found to occur in 33.57 % (47 of 140) of the soil samples studied, with positive samples yielding 70 fungal isolates, belonging to 20 species in 13 genera. Conidiobolus coronatus was the most frequent and abundant entomopathogenic species recovered comprising 31.43 % of the total isolates. Soil pH, soil moisture content and the geographical location had minor or no effect on the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi in the studied fields. On the other hand, organic matter content of soil, and vegetation type were found to significantly (P<0.05) affect the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from soil, with orchard fields yielding larger numbers of isolates than in the vegetable fields. Using Koch's postulates the pathogenicity of fungal isolates recovered to Galleria larvae was found to range from 16% to 100% (mortality rate). Isolates of C. coronatus, proved to be the most pathogenic isolates recovered (87-100% mortality in about 5-8 days after infection). The effect of media and temperature on mycelial growth rate, conidial production and conidial germination of six entomopathogenic fungal species (one isolate/species) was studied (C. coronatus, Entomophaga grylli, Erynia castrans, Hirsutella jonesii, Paecilomyces farinosus and Sporodinielle umbellata). Mycelial growth was significantly affected by media and isolates with maximum growth rate obtained with CMA and PDA. Optimum temperature for radial mycelial growth, spore production and spore germination ranged from 20-30°C. Mycelial growth rate, spore production and spore germination were significantly affected by temperature and isolate.
Antimicrobial Activity of Fifty-Four Plants Used in Folkloric Medicine in Palestine
(2000) Rabee Ali Ghalib Zayed; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh; Dr. Suleiman Al-Khalil
Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of fifty four plant species used in folk medicine in Palestine for treatment of several infections and diseases were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against thirteen microbial isolates belonging to one yeast, Candida albicans; four gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and one gram positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, and two isolates of dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and M gypseum, and five isolates of plant pathogenic mycelial fungi, Fusarium tricinicturn, Pythiurn ultimum, P. aphanidermatum, P. middletonii, and Phytophthora citrophthora. Two susceptibility tests were used in this work, the disk diffusion method for measuring the antibacterial and anticandidal activity and the poisoned—food technique for measuring the antifungal activity. The results demonstrated that the plans studied differ significantly in their activity against test microorganisms. The most active plants against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria include Alcea setosa, Coridothymus capitatus and Saturqa thymbra. For C. albicans, the most active plants include Coridothymus capitatus, Scztureja thymbra, and Quercus calliprinos. For dermatophytes, the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Coridothymus capitatus, Micromeria nervosa, and Satureja thymbra, and the aqueous extracts of Anthemis tunictoria and Verbascum sinuatum. For phytopathogenic Pythium sp., the most active plants the ethanolic extracts of Mcromeria nervosa, Pinus halepensis and Satureja thymbra and the aqueous extracts of Rubia tenugfolia, Anthemis tunictoria and Coridothymus capitatus. For phytopathogenic Phytophthora citrophthora the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Pinus halepensis and Satureja thymbra. For phytopathogenic F usarium tricinictum, the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Salviafruticoso and Satureja ihymbra and the aqueous extracts of Anthemis tunictoria and Juglans regia. Ethanolic extracts were more active than aqueous extracts for antimicrobial activity. Test bacterial strains differed significantly in relation to their susceptibility to different plant extracts used. The most susceptible test strain was S. aureus (gram positive bacteria), whereas the least susceptible strain was K. pneumonia (grana negative bacteria). For rnycelial fungi, the most susceptible phytopathogenic fungi was P. aphanidermatum, whereas the most susceptible dermatophyte was M gypseum to both aqueous and ethanolic extracts.
Human Echinococcosis in Palestine- The West Bank
(2000) Mahmoud Younis Daragmeh; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Kamel Adwan
Based on hospital records 390 cases of human CE were recorded during the period of January 1990 to January 1998 with a mean annual surgical incidence of 3.1 /100,000. Such findings indicate that CE is an endemic and widespread disease in the West Bank of Palestine. The incidence varied widely between governorates and was higher in rural areas. Mosticases were among the age group 11-21 years. The highest MAS1 was observed in Hebron (5.1/ 100,000) and the hottest spot was Yata town (16.8/ 100,000). Up to age 20, the surgical incidence was similar between boys and girls, however, in adults the incidence increased markedly in women and peaks at age group 21-30. Differences in incidence rates between males and females were significant (147 v. 243, P < 0.005). The liver was the most common affected organ (69.9%), followed by the lung (25.9%). In age group less than ten, the lung was the most affected site (59.6%). Recurrent cases constituted (16.7%). Seroprevalence rate of CE 1gG antibodies among children in highly endemic area (Yata town) was 2.75%. Such high rate was also confirmed using IHA and ELISA test in a reference immuno-parasitology laboratory at Yarmouk University.
Typing of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli Isolates in Palestine by Multiplex and Arbitrarily Primed PCR
(2001) Marwan Mohammad Said Budair; Dr. Kamel Adwan; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Tamer Essawi
Ship! toxinigenic Escherichia colt (STEC) comprise a diverse group of organisms capable of causing severe gastrointestinal and systemic diseases in humans. Within the STEC family, certain strains appear to be of greater virulence for humans, for example. Those belonging to serogroup O157 and those with particular combinations of other putative virulence factors. One hundred seventy six Shiga toxigeme Escherichd coli (STEC) isolated from patients with either severe diarrhea or non-severe diarrhea in the northern Palestine in 1999 were characterized for virulence genes by multiplex PCR assay. Of the 176 STEC isolates, 124 (70.5%) belonged to the 0157: 117 serotype. All of the STEC isolates were .six/', 140 (79.5%) were stx2. The eac locus was detected in 16 (9.1%) and the hyA-encoding gene was detected in 18 (10.2%) of these isolates. Sixty-six of the 79 (83.5%) isolates obtained from individual with severe diarrhea, carried both the six/ and six2 toxin genes and 14 (17.7%) were eae, while 74 (76.3 %) of 97 isolates from individuals with non-severe diarrhea were six/1 six2 and 2 (2.1%) carried eaeA encoding genes. The locus encoding the production of hemolysin was detected in 16 of 79 and 2 of 97 from severe diarrhea cases and non-severe diarrhea, respectively. Our results show a strong association between stx.1, stx2, eaA and hylA genes combined together and disease severity. The combination of ERIC PCR and multiplex PCR analysis of 80 STEC isolates allowed as to define 9 clones among the isolates. Three major clones were found among 81.2% of all STEC isolates. The remaining clones were considered as sporadic since they were found only in a small number of isolates. An Observation of primary concern is the widespread of the major clones throughout northern Palestine. Thus STEC infection was most probably due to the consequence of clonal transmission
Virological Features of Hepatitis C Virus in Hemodialysis Patients : Northern Districts of Palestine
(2001) Fekri Helmi Samarah; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Kamel Adwan
A total of 71 HD patients were followed up with respect to HCV markers for 18 months. Initial findings showed that 37 (52.11%) were HCV positive and 12 (16.9%) were HBV positive. By the end of the first period (6 months), the prevalence of HCV increased to 65.15 % as 6 new cases became HCV positive. With respect to HBV the prevalence dropped to 10.61 %. ALT levels were monitored on a weekly basis as an indicator for episodes of HCV infection. This marker strongly correlates with HCV infection as all seroconverted HCV new cases showed clear ALT elevation in the acute phase of infection. Fluctuation in ALT levels among HBV positive cases were not as clear as for those with HCV infection, however, HBV positive cases seem to exhibit constantly high levels. Such fluctuations were also observed among some of the initially HCV positive cases, indicating possible HCV re-infection among such cases. Preliminary evidence suggests that a nosocomial infection was behind the observed increase in the prevalence rate of HCV. By the end of this period 5 HCV negative and 1 HCV positive subject died due to various complications. During the second phase of the study, non-of the HCV negative cases (41) were seroconverted to HCV positive and only 1 case was seroconverted to HBV positive. ALT elevation was observed among 2 HCV negative cases, however, non-of these 2 cases entered the acute phase of infection to either HCV or HBV infections. Strict hygienic conditions based on the recommendations of this study is more likely behind the limited number of newly infected cases. By the end of this phase 2 of the HCV positive cases and 7 of the HCV negative died. During the third phase HCV seroconversion was observed in 1 case out of initially 40 HCV negative cases involved. None of the 80 cases involved at the beginning of this phase was seroconverted to HBV positive. Out of the 40 HCV negative cases, 5 died, 1 of which was HBV positive. Out of HCV positive cases involved in this phase (40), 5 patients died and 2 of them were with dual infection (HC V/HB V). All HCV seroconverted cases (7 cases) clearly showed a strong association between high ALT levels and the acute phase of infection. Incubation period ranged between 21-109 days, based upon the findings of high ALT levels in two successive samples and the appearance of either anti-core or anti-NS antibodies. Anti-core antibodies seem to appear in an earlier time compared to anti-NS antibodies as 4 of the seroconverted cases expressed anti-core antibodies as early as 21 days and up to 30 days. The production of an antibody response to the NS antigen occurs relatively late (56109) days. ALT elevation was found to be associated with both antibodies in the acute phase of infection. Subjects expressing anti-NS seem to show much higher ALT levels, that last for longer time. Infection rates increased dramatically with duration of dialysis, thus confirming of the role of dialysis as a risk factor for HCV infection. With increased duration of infection a shift from NS or core to both markers was also observed.
HBV Status Among Vaccinated Family Members of HBV Positive Carriers in Northern Palestine (Tulkarm District)
(2001) Khalid Amin Abu-Khater; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Kamel Adwan
The present study was designed to evaluate the status of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and the efficacy of the vaccination programmer among a total of 161 high-risk family members of hepatitis B virus carriers who were subjected to the governmental vaccination programme in Tulkarm, Northern Palestine, 1997-1998. The seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positivity was (8.1%). The highest seroprevalence rate found among the 21-30 age group(7.5% followed by the 11-20 age group and the <10 age. Differences in the prevalence rates among the various age groups were not statistically significant (.P > 0.05). Significant differences were observed in the prevalence of rates of HbsAg positive in males (92%, P = 0.008). Although differences in the prevalence rates of HBV infection according to residence were not statistically significant (P = 0.07) residence in the village was clearly associated with higher rate of HBV infection ( 84.6%) compared to that in town and camp. Nine (69.2%) of the infection transmission cases attributed to brother-brother relationship and 4 (30.8%) to father-children relationship. In small families (4 or less), the mean rate of HBV infection was 53.8%, whereas in large families (more than 4) it was 46.2%. Anti-HBV titers below the protective level (1000 IU/L) were found in all HBV-infected family members. Data analysis regarding family members with anti-HBV above the protective level, revealed no significant difference between groups completed the vaccination dose schedules (3-doses) and those received one or two doses (P > 0.05). However median titers of anti-HBV were higher in the group receiving 3-doses than in corresponding group receiving 1 or 2 doses. During follow up after 6 months from testing date, three additional HBV infection was observed. On the other hand, HBsAg clearance was observed in four cases among those found to be HBsAg positive in the initial stage of the study.
Congenital Hypothyroidism Among Palestinian Children of The West Bank
(2001) Issa Ibrahim Ishtieh; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Kamel Adwan
Neonaial initiated in the west bank in 1990 the aim of this study was to establish a base line data regarding CH Incidence and to determine possible risk factors This study show that the screening program system faced many inherited obstacles regarding sampling. as Well as handlings of specimens. and also in the follow up of results and communicating results to concerned people. From October 1998 to May 2000 there were 85.149 live births. Around (69.9:57) neonates were screened using a primary measurement of TSH in capillary blood, using dried blood spots obtained by a heel prick. All samples were assayed by immunoassay method. 'thirty-two cases were diagnosed as suspected permanent CI I ( incidence, I :2186.15). This incidence is notably higher that reported in most other countries. The etiology of this high incidence is unknown, however, it seems to be of a multifactorial .form. Although our result point that parental consanguinity may play a significant part on the frequency of CH in our population, environmental factors cannot be excluded. Recall rate was found to be (0.78%). The incidence of transitory hypothyroidism remarkably high (1: 418.9). About 14.96 % of infants screened were with raised TSH level of 5 RIU/ml. Thus, neonatal screening seems to be highly affected by iodine deficiency' leading to increased recall rates, transient and permanent cases of CH. Although our screening program have benefited patients and families to some extent, it seems that it does not reached it's main objectives which are, early detection and therapy. Screening and confirmatory thyroid function results revealed moderate to Severe abnormalities, with information delay in screening screening (89 days), diagnosis (143 days) and treatment(152 days) Observations on severity of disease symptoms, growth and development problems were significantly correlated with delay in therapy. this fact supports the view that a comprehensive program has to be initiated. Thus, it seems reasonable to strive for early detection and management [Or effective prognosis. lo achieve this goal, cooperation between all primary health care providers, to the infant from conception to birth, is definitely needed.
The Effect of Altitude on Blood Biochemistry of Soccer Players in West Bank
(2001) Faiha Othman Albahsh; Dr. Suleiman Al-Khalil; Dr. Abdel Naser Qadumi
The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of altitude variation On blood biochemistry of soccer players. To achieve this aim, the study was conducted on a sample of 40 players belonging to three different teams in different geographical areas. These teams were; AL-Al ILI (Qalqelia) at sea level , Al-Ithad (Nablus) above sea level, and Al-hilal (Jerico) below sea level . Measurements of Heamoglobin, Glucose, Total Iron Binding capacity, Cholesterol, Lactate dehydrogenase , Triglyceride , Hematocrete and Insulin prior and post exercise were conducted. Result for the diffirences on the pre exercise blood biochemistry measures according to area variable show that computed (F) values on the pre exercise of (TIBC,and Cholesterol) are respectively (0.47 and 1.54),such two values are lower than critical (F) value (3.26) this mean that there are no significant differences at(α =0.05)on these two variables due to the area variable. While computed (F) values for (Hb,Glu. LDI, Trig. Insulin and Hematocrate)are respectively (6.66, 9.11,7.52, 3.68, 14.17, and 4.15 )all of these values are greater than critical (F) value (3.20),this means that there are significant differences at (α =0.05) on these variables due to the area variable. While the result for post exercise showed that computed (F) value for (Gin, TIBC, LDH, and Hematocrate)variables are respectively (1.22, 0.83, 0.97,and 2.19) all of these values are lower than critical (F) value (3.26),this means that there are no significant- differences at (α =0.05) on these variables due to the area variable. While computed (F) values for (I-lb,Cholesterol, Trig. and Insulin)are respectively ( 4.12, 6.004, 3.81, and 3.98) all of these values are greater than critical (F) value. This means that there are significant differences at (α =0.005) on these variables due to area variable.
Application of Antibiogram, Ribosome Spacer PCR (RS-PCR), and Arbitrarily Primed PCR (AP-PCR) for Typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
(2001) Ahmad Mahmoud Hasan Saleh; Dr. Kamel Adwan; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Tamer Essawi
Nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurous (MRSA) represent an increasing problem in hospitals worldwide. Quick and reliable typing methods are required to obtain information about the relatedness of MRSA isolates and to allow faster implementation of appropriate infection control measures. The current study describes the distribution of forty four MRSA isolates collected between February and May 1998 from 3 hospitals in Palestine, and the ability of antibiogram and two different genotyping techniques - Ribosome Spacer PCR (RS-PCR) and Arbitrarily Primed PCR (AP-PCR), to detect the relatedness among the MRSA isolates. The ability of these techniques to detect different types among the MRSA isolates was found to be as follows; seventeen antibiogram types were noted by using 15 different antimicrobial agents, designated 1 through 17. MRSA isolates were resistant to the majority of antimicrobial agents tested; oxacillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), clindamycin (95.5%), erythromycin (86.4%), tetracytlin (72.7%), and trimethoprime (61.4%). However, all isolates were susceptible to both vancomycin and refampicin. Around 78% of the isolates were found to be resistant to more than 3 different antimicrobial agents. RS-PCR generated eleven different genotypes among the 40 examined isolates and 4 of the isolates were non-typeable, designated I through XI; each spacer pattern was represented by 1-6 fragments ranging from 300-800bp. AP-PCR identified fifteen different genotypes among the 38 MRSA examined and 6 isolates were non type able using the BG2 arbitrarily primer (GGT TGG GTG AGA ATT GCA CG; 5' to 3'), designated A through 0; each BG2 pattern was represented by 1-7 fragments ranging from 300-800 bp. XI AP-PCR using P7 arbitrarily primer (GTG GAT GCG A; 5' to 3') revealed fourteen distinct genotypes among the 42 MRSA isolates and two isolates were non-type able, designated a through n. The revealed fragments size (1-11) ranged from 300-900 bp. In our study, genotyping was more powerful tool than antibiogram in differentiating between unrelated isolates of MRSA, and strongly indicates that the source of MRSA was the environment in both the neonatal unit (NU) and intensive care unit (ICU), since most of the environmental and colonized MRSA isolates of both units revealed identical genetic patterns. Combination of RS-PCR and AP-PCR (BG2 and P7 primers) resulted in five major clones, while six clones were shown among MRSA isolates using BG2 and P7 arbitrarily primers. Analysis of isolates distribution in the most prevalent clones indicated that the environment of the NU and ICU was the predicted source of MRSA because most of isolates from the environment and colonized patients in both units showed the same clone. Thus, our results confirm the usefulness of combined usage of both genotypic methods (RS-PCR and AP-PCR) and AP-PCR with different arbitrarily primers for epidemiological studies of MRSA.
The Effect of Basic Military Training Course on Selected Physical Fitness and Physiological Measures
(2001) Hatem Suleiman Sa'id Besharat; Dr. Suleiman Al-Khalil; Dr. Abdel Naser Qadumi
This study sought to determine the effect of Basic Military Training Courses (BMTC) on some physiological and physical fitness measures. Endurance (1.5mile run), speed (30meter sprint) flexibility (sit and reach), agility (shuttle run), upper body strength (push up), and leg power (vertical jump) were used as physical fitness indicators. HDL, TC, TG, RBCs, WBCs, RHR, and lib, were used as physiological indicators for the effect of (BMTC) on the subjects participating in the course. Twenty eight healthy subjects participated in the course, they were (27.5 + 4.95) years old, (72.98 rt 7.21)kg mass, (l.74 +0.05) ineter high, and (24.01 ± 2.52) kg/m2 body mass index. The course was held in Jericho in the period between (27th) February and (24th) April 2000. For data analysis, (SPSS) statistical program was used using means, standard deviation and paired- T-test for testing hypotheses. Venous blood samples were taken before and after the course. Enzymatic colorimetric Test with lipid clearing factor was used for determining the concentration of cholesterol and trigleycerid (CI 10D- PAP- method and GPO-PAP method respectively). Cholesterol liquicolor test was used to determine HDL-c concentration. RBCs, WBCs and Hb w ere measured automatically. Significant positive differences at α= 0.05) were seen in all measured physical fitness parameters used in favor of post training vs. pre training. The results for (1.5)mile run, (30)meter sprint, sit and reach, shuttle run, push up, and vertical jump were (9.54 vs. 13.42minutes), (4.80 vs. 5.36 second) 10.27vs 4.56cm), (10.39vs. 1 1 . 1 2 seconds), (48.92 vs 33.17times) and, (44.71 vs 38.64cm) respectively. HDl, LDL and RI IR were positively affected by BMTC, where 111)1. concentration increased significantly after the course (52.14 mg/dl) vs. (44.10mg/d1) before the course. LDL and RI IR were decreased significantly in favor of post training vs. pre training, the results were (69.42 vs. 76.75 ing/d1) and (68.0 vs 76.07 beats/ minuet) respectively. TC was negatively affected by BMTC, it's concentration increased significantly at (α = 0.05) in favor of post training vs. pre training (141.25vs 133.53mg/dl) TG, RBCs, WBCs, were not significantly affected by BMTC.
Screening for Anticancer Activity of Palestine Plants
(2001) Walid Mahmoud Hassan Khaleeliah; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh
One hundred and fifteen ethanolic extracts prepared from 96 plant species from Palestine were evaluated for anticancer activity against two prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and LNCaP; and one breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, using cell proliferation MTT assay and a 96-microwell plate-reader. The results demonstrated that the studied plants differ significantly in their activity against test cancer cell lines. The most active plant species against test cancer cell lines include 0 lumen persicum Mill, Lyclum europeum, Echallium elalerium L Euphorhia uphorhiaa, Capparis ,spinosa, Ononis sicula, (hiss., Anthems tunictoria , Verbaseun ,Sinuaium, and Neriun oleander L. For PC-3 cell line the most active plants include Cyclamen persicum Mill, CurOpeum L, Ecballium elaterium (L.) Rick Euphorbia hicrsolymitana Boiss,Anthemas nmictoria L verbascun sinuatun L. and nernim oleander L. For Lncap cell line the most active plants include Cycamen persicum Mill, Verbascum sinuatum L. and apparts spinrosa L. For MCF 7 cell the most active plant species include Cyclamen presicum Mill Lycium evropewnv Euphoibia hierosolymuana Ononis sieula Guss Another importsnt observation was the simulation of PGS cell line by (-)ine; plants.,'1.6r instance 0(th/cwt./A' itroiliu/, Ylaittims,vt)tna-christi, fruiticosa, Retema raetam, and I'arietaria diffusa. These plant species were used in folkloric medicine for many diseases and disorders. Significantly, stimulation of LNCaP and MCF-7 cell lines was observed also with Ouercus calliprines and Chrysanthemum coronarium, which are used as popular remedies. Therefore, care must be taken with respect to the great number of plant extracts that show stimulation of cancer cells. The results demonstrated that Ether and Acetone fractions were the most active against the test cell lines. In addition Diethyl Ether dissolved terpeniods and some alkaloids, some of diterpenes and sesquiterpenes compounds act as anticancer drugs. Test cancer cell lines differed significantly in relation to their susceptibility to different plant extracts used. The most susceptible test cell line was PC-3, whereas the least susceptible one was L,NCaP.
Postpartum Thyroiditis in Palestinian Women
(2002) Talal Fayiz Frihat; Dr. Mohammed J. Musmar; Dr. Samar Ghazal; Dr. Yahia Faidy
To the best of my knowledge there is no screening for postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) in Palestine up to date .The aim of this study was to establish a base line data regarding PPT incidence , and to determine possible risk factors. This study shows that the screening program system faced many problems regarding sampling as well as handling of specimens, and also in follow up and communication with people. From May 2000 to May 2001, there was 101 pregnant women screened for PPT by measuring the TSH hormone by immuno-radiometric assay (IRMA) method. Four cases were diagnosed as suspected PPT as TSH concentration was undetectable, incidence about 4%. This incidence is in the same range of reported incidence in most countries. About 17.8% of screened cases were classified in the range less than 0.5 mIu/m1 for TSH level in postpartum period. Although our screening program for PPT has benefited pregnant women to some extent, it seems that this subject need more wide screening with more cases, tests, and budgets. To achieve this goal, cooperation between all primary health care providers, to pregnant women in prenatal and PP period, is definitely needed.
In Vitro Regeneration and Somaclonal Variation of Petunia Hybrida
(2002) Anas Yousef Abu-Rayya; Dr. Hassan Abu-Qaoud; Dr. Sami Yaish
The effect of different levels of auxin Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and cytokinin Benzyl adenin (BA) on shoot regeneration of Petunia hybrida was studied in these experiments. The regenerated shoots were grown for somaclonal variation. Seeds of Petunia hybrida_were in vitro planted onto MS basal medium. The growing seedlings were used as a source material for the regeneration experiments. Four levels of BA (0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 mg/1) and two levels of NAA (0.0, 0.1 mg/1) were used with MS basal media. Two sources of explants were used; leaf sections and shoots. Low regeneration percentage was achieved with leaf explants. The highest shoot number (1.7) was obtained with MS medium supplied with 0.4 mg/1 BA and 0.1 mg/I NAA. However, in case of shoot explant higher shoot number was obtained with 0.8 mg/I BA and 0.1 mg/1 NAA. For somaclonal variation, buds were taken from petunia plants of pink color that were grown in the green house. The buds were disinfected and grown on MS basal media supplied with 30 mg/1 Gentamycin sulfate and 30 mg/I Benlate, after shoot growth they were transferred onto the shoot regeneration medium. The regenerates were rooted, acclimatized and transferred to the green house for evaluation. Two forms of leaf shape orbicular and elliptic and three flower colors violet, purple and light pink were appeared with the plants.
Antimicrobial Activity of Palestinian Medicinal Plants Against Propionibacterium Acnes, A Causative Agent of Acne
(2002) Anhar Ahmad Mohammed Al-Assali; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh
Ethanolic extracts of fifty four plant species used in folk medicine in Palestine for treatment of several infections and diseases were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against 10 strains of Propionibacterium acnes, and five strains of aerobic bacteria, Echerichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonic', Protects vulgaris, Pseuclomonas eruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureate. Two susceptibility tests were used in this work: the disk diffusion method for measuring the antimicrobial activity, and broth method for the determination of MIC, and MBC for the active plant extracts. The results demonstrated that the studied plants differ significantly in their activity against the studied microorganisms. The IX most active plants against bacterial strains were Rhus coriaria, Ricinus communes, and Sarcopoterium spinosuin. Test microorganisms differed significantly in relation to their susceptibility to different plant extracts used. The most susceptible test microorganism was Propionibacterium acnes (anaerobic bacteria), whereas the least susceptible microorganism was Klebsiella pneumonia. Generally, anaerobic bacteria were more susceptible to plant extract than aerobic bacteria. This was attributed to differences in modes of actions of plant extracts against both groups.
The Presence of Aflcatoxins in Medicinal Plants Used as Natural Remedies and in Spices
(2002) Wafa Adel Mahmoud Al-Mosleh; Dr. Mohammed Musmar; Dr. Samar Ghazal
Fifty samples of commonly used remedies and spices were collected randomly from different well known stores at Nablus municipality in a three months period. The collected specimens were evaluated for aflatoxins using VICAM AFLATEST. The results showed that fourty — eight samples contained the aflatoxins. Thirteen samples were found to contain over 20 ppb, and thus exceeding most permitted international standard limits. Liquorice and sumac contained the highest amounts of aflatoxins 76 ppb. Five samples of famous brand tea samples were analysed. All samples were contaminated with aflatoxins, ranging from 20 — 69 ppb. Commonly used spices like anise, chamomille and nutmeg contained also aflatoxins in the range 23.5 — 36 ppb. Aflatoxins are known to cause liver cancer. The finding that tea and spices were rich in aflatoxins is very alarming specially for children and pregnant women.
The Exact and Asymptotic Parameters of the First Canonical Weight Vector
(2003) Muiad Muhammad Muhammad Al-Surakhi; Dr. Farouk Al-Saad
This research discusses the stability of the first canonical weight vector from the one-factor structure derivation of the exact formula for the weight’s variance and the asymptotic distribution of the weight are emphasized to give theoretical robustness to the concept of stability. The closeness of the exact and asymptotic variances points to the precision of the derivation. It was proven that the weight , where the asymptotic variance is.The greater sample size the less variance of the weight will be, and hence more stable weight.

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