Student Theses & Dissertations
Permanent URI for this community
Browse
Browsing Student Theses & Dissertations by Title
Now showing 1 - 20 of 4746
Results Per Page
Sort Options
- ItemA DYNAMIC ONTOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUKHARI AHADITH(An - Najah National University, 2023-02-23) Areej SawwanThe honorable Sunnah is the second source of Islamic legislation after the Holy Qur’an. Muslim scholars have been interested in preserving and codifying the hadith because of its role in the statement of the Holy Qur’an by allocating the general, restricting the absolute, and clarifying the total. The Prophet’s Sunnah was transmitted orally with isnad(Isnad, from Arabic “sanad” (support), in Islam, a list of authorities who have transmitted a report(hadith) of Prophet Mohammad(PBUH) or his companions. Its reliability determines the validity of a hadith), which are the most dominant, and in writing for those who mastered writing in the time of the Prophet and the Companions, then it was written down and the hadiths were compiled with their chains of narrators until today they became Resources books of hadith(hadith, everything that was narrated from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in terms of saying, acting, or reporting), Mustadrakat and other books that specialize in collecting and classifying hadiths. Enriching Islamic electronic content is a great challenge for researchers. Although Arabic is a global language and ranks as the sixth most used language around the world and is spoken by more than 400 million people, it does not have a sufficient presence on the internet, compared to other languages. Ontology is defined as a knowledge representation way, and it is data model that reflects a set of concepts inside a domain and the relationships between those concepts. This study aimed to build a dynamic ontological framework through which specialists in hadith science will be able to provide sufficient information about hadith, so that the ontology is able to save hadith, taking into account linking it with the relevant hadiths and narrators present in the framework, which makes the process of retrieval of information easy and fruitful. The study was conducted on the “Ablution Book” from Sahih Al-Bukhari. The researcher evaluated the system by executing several queries about narrators, hadiths, and the chain of isnad, and when comparing the results of the system with the traditional results and other ways of knowledge representation, the outcome was much better in search, retrieval, or in drawing hadith isnad trees, or in execution time in searching for information.
- ItemA HYBRID FIREFLY-GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE OPTIMAL COORDINATION OF DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAYS(2023-02-19) Tareq Husam FoqhTheoretical background: Directional overcurrent relays are applied for power system protection to ensure safe, reliable, and efficient operation. The coordination of directional overcurrent relays is non-linear and highly constrained optimization problem. The main goal of the optimization is to minimize the summation of operating times of primary relays, by setting optimal values for decision variables as time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS). Aims: The main objective of this research is to develop a hybrid optimization algorithm which consists of modified firefly algorithm and genetic algorithm to find better solutions. Methodology: First, this study modified the original firefly to obtain a global solution by updating the firefly's brightness and to avoid the distance between individual fireflies from being too far. Additionally, the randomized movements were controlled to produce a high convergence rate. Second, the optimization problem is solved using standard genetic algorithm. Finally, the solution obtained from the modified firefly algorithm is used as the initial population for the standard genetic algorithm. The modified firefly algorithm, genetic algorithm and hybrid firefly-genetic algorithm have been tested on IEEE 3-bus, 8-bus, 9-bus and 15-bus networks. Main Results: The results indicate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithms in minimizing the overall operating time of primary relays compared to other algorithms mentioned in the literature for directional overcurrent relays coordination. Conclusion: Compared to modified firefly algorithm and standard genetic algorithm, the proposed hybrid algorithm has minimized coordination interval time between primary and backup relay pairs. Keywords: Directional overcurrent relays optimization, Hybrid algorithms, Firefly algorithm, Genetic Algorithm.
- ItemAb-U`baidah Ibn El-Muthana "D.209 A.H" and his Role in the Historian Writing(2005) Eihab Fawzi Tawfiq Fawzi Al-Haji; Dr. Adnan MilhimAbu U`baidah is Mu`mar Ibn El-Muthana, the sponsor of Tayim Ibn Murrah who was from Quraish mainly the branch of Abu Baker El-sideeq who was also of Jew origin from Bajorwan. He was born in 110 A.H at the time of Abd-Allah Al-Mamun "D.218 A.H." Abu-Ubaidah was grown up in Al-Basra, then from there he travelleal to Persia then to Baghdad. He was with good relation with the Men of the Abasi state whom they had a role in arriving him to Baghdad. He went to their places read at them his books. His classifications were 158 books. Eight books remained: "El-Naqa`d", "Majaz El-Qura`n", "El-Khail", "Al-A`qaqah and Al-Bararah", "Tasmeyah Azwaj Al-Nabi", "El-Muhadarat and Al-Muhawarat", "Al-Ma`alim "and a peom for Abu- Ubaida ending with "L" Letter. He was treated from El-khawarij scholars. He took care of collecting their news, he maintioned their characteristics and titles, and he justified their protrusion on the state and he gave it a religious protrusion. I paid attention in this study for collecting their historical narrations which was narrated by Abu-U`baidah and which are kept in heritage books. He narrated about seventy six scholars who were distinct by their varied sciences. He took care also in predication; he used both the collective and the singular predication. Some of his marrtions were unpredicated. Fifty six pupils, who were distinct in their varied sciences, narrated about Abu-U`baidah, and he used to have a special seminar at Al-Basra Mosque in which he read on his pupils and answered their questions. Abu-U`baidah wrote the history from linguists points of view. He used to collect the narrations connected with a special event in one book, and he mentioned more than a narration about one subject. Not only was he a pure collector of narrations but he was also a critic of the text or the teller in which he interfered to reject or substitute or illaburate ice text. His way of writing was literate and narrative, his language was easy and clear, he used dialogue and illusion and so that gave his narrations attractive literate aspect. He took care throughout his narrations time, sites, Quran verses. Prophet's says, saying, reconcilement treaties, he tops, speeches and poetry elements. He studied widely he nor them Arab filed of narration comprehensively which left an effect on the choice school in that era and so most of the historians like Al-Tabari "D.310 A.H" and Ibn Al-A`thir depended upon him a lot "D.630 A.H.
- ItemThe Abbreviated Letters (Al-Muqatta't)(2004) Fadil Abbas Saleh Abed-Elatief Abu Isa; Dr. Mohsen S. Al-khaldy; Dr.Mhoamad Al-SaiedThis research aims to define the abbreviated letters (Al-muqqtta) which come at the beginning of Suras of the Holy Quran Twenty nine Suras of the Holy Quran start with the abbreviated letters and nothing be mentioned that prophet Muhammad peace be upon him talk about their meaning, all of these Suras are revealed in Mecca excepting two revealed in Al-Madinah. This method was known before Islam by the people of the book, Christians and Jews, or by Arabs before Islam, but it was completely different than the method of the Holy Quran. These abbreviated letters have connection with numerical coordination, but no connection with the number of letters, which was known by Jews. The Religions people have more than twenty sayings about these letters, out of them are more acceptable to clear up the miraculous nature of the Holy Quran, the affirmation of Prophecy and the truth fullness of the Prophet peace be upon him. Some of these abbreviated letters are considered Sura and some not, also, there is a connection between the Suras which start with the abbreviated letters.
- ItemAbdul – Lateef Aqel As Apoet(2003) Muaath Abullah Ishtaey; Prof. Adel Mustafa Al-OstaIn this study, I tried to recognize the poetic character of Abdu-Latif Aqel through his works. I investigated the most prominent issues related to his poetic production. However, this does not mean that I have given the final word about the poet’s character and his creativity since the investigation of the poetic character of Aqel needs research of literary production related to three decades of the history of the Palestinian cause. Findings Among the most prominent findings that I have reached through my study of the poetic experience of the poet are the following: -The suffering that Abdul-Latif Aqel experienced at the personal level had an impact upon forming his poetic character and crystallizing his creativity. He led a life that lacked balance after losing his father and sister and the fact that his mother got married. -Deprivation of the woman seemed to be a major cause of her possession of the poet’s feelings during the early productions of his poetic experience. The image of the woman in his early poems seemed to comprise a part of his poetic readings. -The poet experienced the sufferings of his nation that included banishment, Judaization, expulsion, eviction, torturing, land confiscation, colonization, discrimination, and ignorance policies. All of those measures had a great impact on fostering his resistance attitude. -The poet took the commitment path in most of his poetic production as he realized the role of the word in the struggle movement. He implemented his talents and artistic abilities to defend the cause of his people. In his poetry, he discussed the political worries, the issues, and all the events of his homeland, expressing his love for his land, and calling for steadfastness in it. -The poet took great care in representing the Palestinian in various types as a refugee, a prisoner, and a martyr. These types seemed to reflect one side or another of the homeland embodying its hopes and pains. -The poet unveiled the misleading deceptive image of the occupation. Not only was he able to express the Palestinian refusal of the occupation, but he also urged the Palestinians to resist it. He seemed to believe that the revolution is the way of salvation. He expressed his enthusiasm towards the revolution and declared his yearning for the coming revolutionist.In his poetry, he portrayed a negative image of the Arab reality as a result of the defeatist political stands that some of the formal Arab regimes adopted regarding the Palestinian cause. -The poet depended on various poetic forms in constructing his artistic structure which included the following forms: the traditional poem, the metric poem, the long poem, and then back to the traditional poem. -The poet seemed to realize the important role of the language in the artistic work. Therefore, his linguistic lexicon reflected not only the resistance spirit in himself, but it was also in harmony with the reality that he expressed and the nationalistic soul that interacted inside himself. He implemented some linguistic phenomena such as repetition and symbolism in constructing his poems. -The poet exploited various linguistic styles in constructing his poems. He was influenced by the dramatic construction and employed some of them such as quotation, sarcasm, interrogation, and vocative. -The poet was especially interested in the image which he formed from vocabulary that had Palestinian characteristic. In his poetry, he employed various styles in constructing his individual and compound images including personification, abstraction, and embodiment in building a lot of his individual images. He employed the dramatic and syllabic construction in forming his compound images. -The external music in his poetry was in harmony with the music of modern poetry. Al-Ramal metre occupied the first rank in his poetry. -The poet depended on various linguistic phenomena in forming his internal music including repetition of letters, words, and phrases.
- ItemAbdul-Aziz Bin Marwan (27 AH \ 649 AD - 85 AH \ 707 AD) - Historical, Analytical Study(2010) Dalal Mohammad Anes Mesleh; Prof. Jamal JudaThe study examined an important Umayyad personality that belongs to the Marwani house who is Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan and this person appeared when the Narwani's took over the Islamic Caliphate, he had a role to consolidate power in the western past of the Islamic state whereas he was appointed ruler of Egypt, and continued ruling for twenty years. Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan belongs to Abed Shams Ben Abd Manaf Ben Qusay Ben Kalab, one of the sons of Quraish Masters who are Banu Abd Elmanaf (Banu Hashim, Banu Abd Shams,Banu Elmutaleb and Banu Noufal), they had all worked to raise the status of Quraish commercially and religiously which helped them to obtain the leadership of Quraish by uniting and Pilgrimage. Banu Abd Shams who Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan Belongs to played an important role in leading Quraish for the Arab through their doings, so they became powerful masters and leaders, and appeared on the scene of sovereignty and honor Umya Ebn Abd Shams Aby Ala'as and Alhakam, who ruled until the advent of Islam, he had the qualifications of leadership, and in Islam Marwan Ben Al-hakam the son of Abdul Aziz who played a role in highlighting the role of Bany Ummaya after Mecca's conquest, he was close to Uthman Ben Afan until he became shaikh Bany Umayyah and one of it's leaders in the late Rasheedah period and during the Sufyanyah period in this historic momentum and the role played by Marwan in policy his son Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan grew and was raised in the house of the royal family in Medina, And he was known for his interest in naorating Hadeth of Prophet Muhammad Peace Be Upon Him tell he was considered from the third layer of personnel as he was also known for his love for science, literature and poets sitting and when his father took over the Caliphate he involved his son Abdul Aziz to eliminate Ebn Al Zubayer and appointed him covenant after his brother and entrusted him with the task of supervision on the western flank of the State of the Caliphate (Egypt and Africa) by ruling Egypt. And he also played an important role in establishing the roots of islam in Egypt and to rise with it in Economic, social and political fields and he was also known for his tolerance with the people of Egypt from the Copts, adding to this the conquest movement in North Africa through supervising over them and appointing the leaders with experience. Abdul Aziz took over the mandate of Egypt for twenty years, and the most important things that were accompanied through his term (65AH- 85AH), the appearance of the crises of treasury because of the conversion of Ahel AlThema into Islam and the expansion of Arab monarchies at the expense of the land of the abscess not to mention the immigration of farmers away from their lands because of the attraction of the cities and large taxes. So Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan under the guidance of his brother the Caliphate to solve these problems and reforming taxes and administrative issues in Egypt. And Abdul Aziz also worked on recovering the economical life in Egypt by caring for encouraging internal and external trade, and he also participated in building lots of Qusaryat in AL fustat and Helwan and that had positive effects on Egypt's treasury what was obtained from the taxis of trade that was sent to the house of treasury. Big economical potential was shown for Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan and there is no harm in that being one of the members of the royal family, he had the land in Hijaz and Al Sham before being a ruler of Egypt, He had increased his financial potential in Egypt by purchasing new land by buying or the revival of the disused or building trading markets.
- ItemAbdul-Rahman Ibn Awf (580Ad-32Hijri/652Ad) A study in his Religions, Economic and Political Role in the State of Islam During its Emergence and Formation(2014) Rahmah Abd Alrauf Awad Awad; Prof. Jamal JodehThis thesis is about the religious, economic and political role of Abdul Rahman bin Auf (580-655 AD) during the establishment and formation period of Islam state. The thesis spots lights on his religious character. Abdul Rahman bin Aufis close sahabi (companion) of prophet Mohamad – peace be upon him -, prophet’s Hadith narrator and the premier economy man in Islam state, the owner of gigantic money and properties that reflects his political role on caliphate (Islamic governmental regim). The thesis has been limited periodically to pre-Islam era until the death of Abdul Rahman bin Auf in (32 Hijri/655AD). Abdul Rahman bin Auf belongs to Bani Zuhra tribe which was one of Quraysh tribes reside Bitah (a place in Meca). It abode around Kaba (the hiliest place in Islam) after coming an setting of Qusay bin Kilab. Bani Zuhra tribe made Alliances with some Mecan tribes until the appearance of Islam especially with Abdu-Manaf tribe. His tribe, to which the mother of messenger of Allah, Aminah bint Wahb, Belongs, has gained spiritual position. Narrators and Historians have study the character of Abdul Rhman bin Auf from religious, social, economic and political Aspects. They interested in showing his kin and his social relationships which were most often strengthened with affinity. This reflects his trade and his economic setting. They also interested in showing how peoples love and commiserate him. Abdul Rahman bin Auf was characterized with economy intelligence which he gets from Mecan environment where he grew up and worked in trade with his father, Auf, before Islam. It was apparent when he emigrated to Almadina Almonawara, where he directly went to business in the biggest muslem merchants who have had the greatest impact in supporting Islam state economy in formation stage by supporting muslims in their general life and their wars and conquests that he was given the name of minister of economy. This reflected positively after islame on Bani Zuhra – his tribe – which was neglected by the historian references dealing with pre-island Arab history. It is obvious that Abdul Rahman bin Auf is close to messenger of Allah-peace be upon him-because he (Abdul Rahman) is from prophet’s mother tribe on one hand and he is among early people who belive in his invitation asking people to turn away from worshipping idols to worshipping Allah the only God) and narrate Hadith (accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of prophet Mohammad) which deals whith muslims everyday life on the other hand. Abdul Rahman bin Auf played a political role during Rashidun caliphate because of his economical position. Omar Ibn Al-Khatab put his name among the six candidates to success caliphate after him. But abdul Rahman didn’t want that, yet he preferred Othman bin Affan (35H/658AD) to take it. He also worked hard to collect mass agreement to Othman bin Affan Inspite of the tension between them before the death of Abdul Rahman bin Auf. The tension was because of Othman biased policy to his relatives which was objected by Abdul Rahman bin Auf.
- ItemThe Ability of Arts and Crafts Curriculum on the Development of Creative Abilities of Ninth Basic Grade Students from Students Point of View in Qalqilia District(2014) Diya Husseen Mohamed Nassar; Dr. Alia Assali; Dr. Belal Abu- EidehThis study aims at identifying the ability of arts and crafts curriculum on the development of creative abilities of ninth basic grade students from students point of view in Qalqilia District. Also, it aims at identifying some study variables like (gender, academic achievement, place of residence and family income). For achieving the study purpose, a questionnaire consists of 50 items has been developed, distributed among 400 students out of 1952 of ninth basic grade which are the study community . Only 352 students (88.0% ) from the study sample which consists 20.0% out of the study community responds on the study tool which was gathered, codified, entered the computer and statically processed by using the Statistical Package of the Social Science (SPSS). The study results showed a medium response on the ability of arts and crafts curriculum on the development of creative abilities of ninth basic grade students from students point of view in Qalqilia District. Also, the study results showed that there are significant differences at ( α=0.05) level among the responses means about the ability of arts and crafts curriculum on the development of creative abilities of ninth basic grade students from students point of view in Qalqilia District due to the variables of gender and academic achievement for the females and for ( 85-100). On the other hand, there are no significant differences at ( α=0.05) level among the responses means about the ability of arts and crafts curriculum on the development of creative abilities of ninth basic grade students from students point of view in Qalqilia District due to the variables of place of residence and family income. According to the study results, several recommendations have been suggested, included the necessity for developing the teachers' abilities throughout the workshops and sessions and developing the ability of curriculum for enhancing the ninth grade students' creative abilities, involving new strategies of teaching and improvement of the logistical environment accompanied to implement the lesson. Key words: Arts and crafts curriculum, Creative abilities, Ninth grade students, Art curriculum abilities.
- ItemAbstraction Processes of Grade 9 students in modelling activities(A qualitative research)(2014) Hisham Ahmed Hashem Bani Matar; Dr. Wajeeh DaherThis study integrates activities that begin from real life situations related to the angles topic for grade 9 students. Students engaged in these activities are expected to elicit mathematical models out of the real life situations, here with the help of technology, namely GeoGebra. Using the Abstraction in Context (AiC) theoretical model, students’ learning processes of the circle topic were analyzed. More specifically, the current research attempted to answer the question: what are the characteristics of the abstraction processes that grade 9 students perform when they are engaged in carrying out modelling activities in the circle topic with the help of technology? The researcher built a learning unit that included modelling activities related to the circle topic and fit grade 9 students. Three groups of grade 9 students carried out the activities with the help of GeoGebra. The students’ work was videoed, coded and then analyzed using the Abstraction in Context model. The results of the research indicate that the participating students succeeded to abstract the circle concepts (for example the inscribed and the central angles) and relations (the central angle is twice the inscribed angle) by carrying out modelling activities with GeoGebra. Doing so, the students went through the four stages of AiC model (need, recognizing, building with, constructing and consolidating). The research results indicate that modelling activities carried out with the help of technology help students arrive at the abstraction of mathematical concepts, so it is recommended to integrate such activities in the mathematics classroom, especially in geometry lessons. Carrying out these activities in groups, student collaborate to overcome the difficulties of such activities, so group work is recommended when carrying out modelling activities. The technology also helped the participating student to carry out the modelling activities and arrive at the geometric concepts and relations, so it is recommended that technology be integrated in modelling activities to facilitate students’ work. Furthermore, it is recommended that future qualitative researches be conducted, using AiC model to verify students’ abstraction processes with technology in other mathematical topics.
- ItemAbu- Dib 's Translation of Orientalism: A Critical Study(2006) Nadia Ali Khalil Hamad; Dr. Nabil A'lawi; Dr. Abdelkarim DaragmahDespite the flourishing movement of translation in the Arab world throughout the 20th century, few studies, if any, were produced, as hoc, on criticism and evaluation of such translations. Among these translations, the translation of Edward W. Said's Orientalism deserves special attention: it was translated into 36 languages including Arabic. The Arabic translation by the famous poet, critic and translator, Kamal Abu-Dib, was reprinted many times after its first edition in 1981. yet, concern was shown regarding some problems in the translation of this excellent work by some readers and translators. Drawing on the progress, achieved in the last few decades, in linguistics studies, especially in text-linguistics and related studies in translation, this study aims to ascertain salient problems in the Arabic translation of Orientalism, on the graphical, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and to suggest solutions where possible. The study will also investigate the consistency of the methodology adopted by the translator, evaluated the translation, and give recommendations that may benefit new Arabic editions of the book and Arabic translation, in general.
- ItemAcademic Competancies Amongst Graduated Physical Education Majors in the West Bank from the point of Viens Educational Supervisors(2013) Norayda Hussne Saleh; Prof. Imad Saleh Abdel HaqThe study aimed to get acquainted with Academic sufficiencies for physical education graduates in Wetern Bank by view point of supervisors. It also aimed to be introduced to the effect of the differences between Sex and Universities. This study consisted of (88) supervisors in physical education who are chosen randomly. To achieve these aims, they used the descriptive method, so they distributed forms (papers) and after they collected these forms, they used aprogram that is called (SPSS). The result showed that the necessary educational sufficiencies for the teacher of physical education should be used as astandard for aqualified teacher. These sufficiences were limited in six fields, in addition to the importance for every one of them.The study also showed that there are no differences between these sufficiencies that refer to the reason of the diffences between Sex, but these differences refer to the differences between Universities. The researcher recommended that the most important one is to benefit from the list of sufficiences that the study found through the assessment of the Academic sufficiences for the physical education graduates.
- ItemAcceptance and rejection in the Holy Quran(2013) Naser Fiad Mohemad Jalooly; Dr. Khader SawandakThis study clarifies the subject of the response and ignorance in the Holy Quran by analyzing the verses of the Holy Quran. The study consist of three chapters, introduction and conclusion . The introduction discusses the importance of the study during the emergence of its value when taking about the response and its influence on the life in addition to the high position in the life after . On the other hand, it included the disadvantages of the ignorance and its punishment in the recent life and in the life after. Chapter one which is an introductory one includes the connotative and denotative definition of the response and ignorance , the juridical use of the two terms, foresight of the response and its rules. Chapter two which is about the response in the presentation of the Holy Quran contains the ignorance in the presentation of the Holy Quran . The references of the study were limited to the Holy Quran, interpretation , tradition books and moral books. Several results have been concluded at the end of the study included the following : - The response is must. - Innocuous behaviors resulted from response are for God ( Glorify be to Him). - The various kinds of responses . - The resource of ignorance is the deprived sector. - The reasons for ignorance are arrogance and life preference . - The results of the ignorance in the recent life and the life after.
- ItemAccessibility Measures to Public Services in Palestinian Cities: The Case of Nablus City(2007) Ghrood Ghaleb Subhee Awadeh; Dr. Khaled Al-Sahili; Dr. Ali AbdelhamidThe distribution and planning of public services is considered one of the major objectives of city planning due to its direct relation with serving residents, meeting their needs, and their accessibility to these services. The Palestinian cities in general and Nablus city in particular are suffering from the random distribution of public services without referring to the planning regulations that are based on population density and range of these services. In addition, there is a difficulty for the inhabitants of some residential districts, especially the outer ones and the suburbs, in accessibility to basic services like education and health. The major aim of this thesis is to study and analyze the current situation of public services in Nablus City as a case study through the application of certain accessibility measures to these services. The methodology of the study was based mainly on the descriptive and analytical methods using the available data and the field survey of public services as well as the results of the questionnaire distributed to a random sample in the city to measure the accessibility and determine the difficulties in access to these services. The results of the study indicated that there is a medium degree of accessibility to public services for most districts in Nablus City except some suburbs like Kufr Qallil, Zawata, and Roujeeb, which face difficulty in access to these services. Also, the results showed that there is a medium degree of difficulty in most districts and a high degree of difficulty in the suburbs to access to public hospitals. For other services like public libraries, banks, and post office, the results indicated that there is a medium degree of difficulty in access to such services from most of districts in the city. The results of the study have referred the difficulty in access to public services in Nablus City to certain factors, the most important being the long distance from public services, traffic congestion, and the absence of public transportation. The study suggested providing certain public services in specified locations in the city of Nablus so that to cover the shortage in distribution of these services throughout the city; and to provide better accessibility for these services to the surrounding neighborhoods. The study recommended the necessity of using the accessibility measures as a basic factor in the planning and distribution of public services in the city. In addition, it recommended the necessity of undertaking a traffic plan for arranging the transportation network, and the provision of public transportation service in Nablus City. Finally, the study recommended the importance of preparing similar studies in other Palestinian cities on the regional scale including the city and its surroundings.
- ItemAccompanying, its Argument and Effect in The Rules: A Comparative Comprehend Principles Study(2003) Awni Ahmmad Mohammad Massarwh; Dr. Ali Al-SartawiDeduction by using istishab, as the last jurisprudence and methodical plan calls the diligent to seek thoroughly the alterative proof in order to deal well with the new incident. New incidents are shaped on the light of what encompassed the past incident and that its provision was taken under the circumstances and the impacts of the past. Therefore, the fact of istishab is the use of the precedent and proved provision and validating it over the new incident. Clearing this is the main target of this research. To achieve this target, I divided this work to introduction, preface and five chapters. In the introduction : I indicated the importance of the research, why I preferred this topic, the followed methodology and last I surveyed the previous researches and studies in it. In the preface : I pointed out shortly the issue of limited texts and limitless of incidents , a fact that assisted the ulama to indicate the perfection and the flexibility of the Islamic Sharia. The first chapter : I highlighted the essence of istishab, its linguistic and religions definition, its bassc elements and requirements, and its position among the religions evidence. The second chapter : I called sorts of istishab. Here I discussed the most important kinds of istishab that the ulama studied by the Quran and the Hadith (Traditions of the prophet). I also cleared their contradicting points. In the third chapter : I discussed the cogency of istishab and pointed out three schools, the advocators, the absolute antagonists and those who accept it for disproof without any proof. I also exposed and studied their important evidence and cleared the sources of the contradictions between the ulama around their cogency. The fourth chapter : I dedicated to the foundations of istishab. I reviewed the main foundations to be used in istishab such as certainty does not disappear by uncertainty, the origin is to leave it as it was, a quittance is the source and every profitable is permitted. I also presented what I believe the most acceptable foundations. In the last chapter: I spoke about the impact of istishab on the legislative provisions. Some of the istishab issues dealt by theologians, I studied briefly and argued their validity. I closed the research with the main results that I reached.
- ItemAchievement Extent of Total Quality Management Standards at Palestinian Universities in the West Bank Districts as Seen by the Teaching Staff(2005) Muntaha Ahmad Ali Al-Mallah; Dr. Abed Mohammad AssafThis study aimed at identifying the extent of achieving the standards of total quality management (TQM) at the Palestinian universities in the West Bank districts as seen by the teaching staff, and its influence by the demographic variables.The study problem was determined by the following question: -To what extent are the standards of TQM are achieved at the Palestinian universities in the West Bank districts as seen by the teaching staff through the four study domains? The study population was (1084) teaching staff and consisted of all the full-time Arabic-speaking teaching staff at the six regular universities in the West Bank districts: An-Najah National University, Arab-American University, Bir Zeit University, Al-Quds University- Abu Dees, Bethlehem University, and Hebron University, holders of Master and Ph. D. certificates during the academic year 2004/2005. The study sample onsisted of (346) members of teaching staff selected randomly by the stratified random sample. The sample represented (32%) of the total number of the teaching staff. The questionnaire consisted of (73) items distributed at the four domains of the study: the Organizational Culture of TQM, Academic, Professional Growth, and the Relationship between the University and the Local Community. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified by the suitable educational and statistical methods. The value of reliability coefficient of the total degree according to Alpha Cronbach equation was (0.98), which is a very high value. Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The study revealed the following results: -The degree of achieving the standards of TQM at the Palestinian universities as seen by the teaching staff was medium with percentage (65%). -There were statistical significant differences between the domains of achieving the standards of TQM. -There were no significant differences according to the gender and age variables. -There were statistical significant differences according to the faculty variable in the academic and the relation of the university with the local community domains. There were statistical significant differences according to the academic qualification variable in the professional growth domain and the total degree. -There were statistical significant differences according to the experience variable in the organizational culture domain. -There were statistical significant differences according to the academic rank variable in the organizational culture domain. -There were statistical significant differences according to the academic rank variable in the professional growth domain. -There were statistical significant differences according to the academic rank variable in the university relationship with the local community. -There were statistical significant differences according to the occupational position variable in the organizational culture. -There were statistical significant differences according to the university variable in the organizational culture. The study recommended the following: -Team work rather than individual work in carrying out works should be used. Principle of authorization in accordance with responsibility should be applied. -More attention should be paid for academic research. Effective efforts should be made to link the studies and research carried out at universities with the community's problems and its comprehensive development issues. Adequate financial support should be supplied to support academic research. -Universities should attempt to provide mechanisms to keep in touch with their graduates and to strengthen relations with them so as to benefit from their notes and opinions about work market since they represent the linking ring between the university and the community. -Services provided to teaching staff at universities including facilities, modifying salary system and offering suitable rewards should be increased and enhanced.
- ItemThe Acknowledgement Pretext in Al-Sharia and Law(2003) Morad Rayek Rsheed Odeh; Dr. Naser Al-Deen Al-ShairPretext has been considered as one of the confirmation ways in Islamic sharia and positive law. Its defined as a notification of con firming ones right for others. So, its legitimacy had been confirmed in the holy Koran and Sunnah . Moreover, the acknowledgement is considered as the strongest evidence of rights confirmation. So, it was called the master of evidences. The acknowledgement is considered as a whole plea in confirming things and it doesn't. Need supporting when revealing rights. When the confirmation is issued with its full legitimacy, the judge should it accordingly. On one hand, the acknowledgement ends the disagreements and makes prosecution affirmative. Oil the other hand, the acknowledgement is considered as a compulsory pretext on the confessor only. If the acknowledgement which dealing with human rights issued from its doers, it wouldn't be retreated. But if the acknowledgement dealing with Allah rights, revocation is acceptable. That's because Allah’s rights based on forgiveness.
- ItemThe Acquisition of Educational Technology and State of Its Utilization In Their Teaching by Basic School Arabic Teachers on the Northern Governates of Palestine(2003) Haneen M. Abdel Jalil; Prof. Jawdat A. SaadehThis study aimed at identifying basic school Arabic teachers' acquisition of educational teleology and state of its use in their actual classroom teaching in the Northern Governorates of Palestine. To this end, the study raised the following five questions: 1. What is the degree of public and UNRWA school Arabic teachers' acquisition of educational technology? 2. What is the role of teacher's, sex, experience, academic qualification, scientific level, education , directorate and governorate in the concept of educational technology? 3. What is the extent of the Arabic teachers' use of teleological resources and strategies in their classroom teaching? 4. What is the role of sex, experience, academic degree, scientific level and education directorate in the subjects, utilization of technological resources and strategies? 5. Is there a relationship between teachers' acquisition of educational technology and their employment of teleological resources and strategies? To answer these questions and test the study hypotheses, the researcher administered a questionnaire to the study sample of 386 male teachers and 30 I female teachers at public schools and 53 male teachers and 58 female teachers at UNRWA schools. They were all teaching during the second semester of scholastic year 2000/2001. To ensure the validity of the questionJ1aire, the researcher presented it to a jury in the field . the reliability of the study was calculate and it was 0.88. The researcher used the descriptive survey method, the arithmetic means, percentages, frequencies, standard deviations t-test for two in dependent group, and One way ANOVA. to ensure the presence of statistic1lly significant differences, the researcher used Scheffe's test for multiple companions . Findings: After collection an analysis of data, it was found that there was full awareness of the educational teleology concept at the theoretical level. However, there was same misunderstanding of this concept at the application level. Further, it was found that there was a relationship between the clarity of the concept and its effective application on the ground. Also, teachers recognized the importance of using educational technology. In addition, there was a relationship between perception of the educational teleology concept and the importance of using educational teleology in the classroom. The study revealed also the hindrances faci11g the introduction of educational teleology in schools. One of these was the insufficient training of teachers on the use of educational teleology practically. As an integrated strategy,the exploitation of educational teleology by school teachers was still meaL7Te. iv1oreover, educational technology use is still restricted to school broadcasting station, drawing, lecturing and presentation of materials. School Arabic teachers who had less than five years of experience had the desire to employ educational technology in the teaching of Arabic. Pe1tainjng to statistically significant differences, the study revealed the following: no statistically sit,'1lificant differences, at α = 0.05, were found in the degree of school Arabic teacher's acquisition of the educational technology concept which may be attributed to sex variable; recommends introduction of educational technology in schools. finally, the researcher recommends conducting an empirical study on control and experimental groups to find out t!:e importance of using educational technology in schools.
- ItemThe Actions of Transitional Movement of the Human Being in the Holy Quran: A Semantic and Syntactic Study(2010) Emad Abdul Rahman Shalabi; Prof. Yahia JaberThis research is a semantic statistical study to whole transitional movement for the human being in the holy Quran .This study has been done in three chapters. In the first one , verbs semantic groups the researcher has firstly studied according to the type of movement and secondly to its velocity .In the second one , a group of linguistics issues which is related to the subject. While in the third one ,a statistical study that the researcher has mentioned the verb and its types . Finally , the researcher has written the conclusion which has the most important results that he has reached.After that , a list of resources.
- ItemActivated carbon from Cyclamen Persicum Tubers for Diclofenac removal from aqueous solution(2013) Fatima Mohammed Abdelwahab Hussen; Dr. Shehdeh Jodeh; Dr. Nidal JaradatThe aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the crude methanolic extract obtaining from cyclamen persicum tubers and to re-use the remaining tissues after extraction process to prepare activated carbon by different methods then to set up a thermodynamic and kinetic study of diclofenac sodium (DCF) pharmaceutical adsorption from aqueous solution onto this activated carbon from cyclamen persicum tubers. The prepared activated carbon samples were compared using Surface area determined by iodine number method, scanning electron microphages (SEM) and FTIR analysis. DCF adsorption onto activated carbon was studied by batch experiments. The adsorptive properties of cyclamen tubers activated carbon (CTAC) was investigated and compared with Eucarbon® ; the available charcoal in the market, DCF concentration, pH, temperature and contact time parameters were studied . To investigate the nature of the surface and adsorption capacity of CTAC, Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to study adsorption isotherm at equilibrium. In order to determine whether the adsorption process is chemical or physical, three kinetics models were used. Thermodynamic study was carried out to determine if adsorption of DCF onto CTAC was exothermic or endothermic reaction. Results indicated antibacterial activity of the crude methanolic extract against staphylococcus. aureis gram positive bacterial strain; using (MHA) plate that showed zone of inhibition after overnight incubation at 37 °C, the yield of this extract was 9%(w/w). Results also showed that the activated carbon produced from cyclamen tubers gives highest percentage yield which reaches up to 51.8%, using phosphoric acid as activating agent, while largest Surface area determined by iodine number was 606.78 mg/g using zinc chloride as activating agent, SEM analysis showed that KOH produced the most porous structure in CTAC. Optimum percent of DCF removal was 72% when CTAC dosage was 0.25g and DCF concentration 50mg/L. Percentage removal of DCF increases when the concentration of DCF increases as the maximum percentage removal reached 81% when DCF concentration was 70mg/L and 0.7g CTAC and pH ranging from 6 to 2. The effect of temperature on adsorption by CTAC and Eucarbon® has also been investigated in the range of 15-45 °C. The results indicated that the temperature significantly affected DCF adsorption on both adsorbents. The equilibrium time for DCF adsorption was 120 min for CTAC and 150 min for Eucarbon®, but most of the adsorption attained within the first 15 min using CTAC while 30 min was needed for Eucarbon®. Frenundlich model describe adsorption isotherm of DCF more efficiently onto CTAC with n equal to 1.398 that indicated favorable adsorption. This finding validated the assumption of multilayer physical adsorption process of DCF. Pseudo-second order reaction model is the best for describing adsorption of DCF with correlation coefficient closes to unity, this validated that the adsorption process was physical one, adsorption process was exothermic as ΔS° had negative charge, and also as ΔH° was less than 40 Kj/ mol lthis suggesting a physisorption process. Concerning the change in free energy, the adsorption process of the DCF onto CTAC was spontaneous, depending on temperature.
- ItemThe Activation Mechanisms of Community Participation in Architectural and urban Conservation (Case Study of the West Bank)(2009) Ayman Azmi Jubran Saadeh; Dr. Mohammed Ata Yousef; Dr. Iman Al AmadThis study addressed the issue of community participation in architectural and urban conservation projects from both the conceptual and applied theme, through analyze and understand the concept of architectural conservation, the concept of community participation, and analysis of the relation between the two former concepts associated as a multi-disciplinary subject, and also analyzed the interaction of the community and such projects in varying degrees of community participation, through analyzing case studies from outside Palestine, compared with other cases in Palestine. Among many challenges posed by the conservation projects in the theoretical and practical framework, and multiple models on the ground that each conservation project is a particular case. The study aimed to understand the nature of community participation as a relatively new method, and to shed light on the models and theories which examine the theme of community participation, and analysis of the experiences of local conservation in the light of the previous studies and cases. The study concludes that there is a difference in the concept of community participation in conservation projects, but eventually leads to include the citizens in a positive state, and also shows that in general there is no citizen control power among the implementation of projects. Also the study concludes the diversity of the needed objectives of popular participation according to each case, and concludes that the conservation of architectural and urban heritage alive requires the activation of community participation and adopting it as a method for implementation of these projects.